UK Domestic Combustion Emissions Show Significant Reduction in 2024

The UK has taken a major step forward in improving air quality, as the latest data from Defra reveals a significant drop in emissions from domestic combustion in 2024. This progress highlights the combined impact of better technology, effective regulations, and changes in how people use their stoves at home. For the second year in a row, emissions from domestic combustion have fallen below those from transport, marking a turning point in the fight against air pollution.

Modern wood-burning stove reducing emissions in a UK home

What the Numbers Tell Us

Defra’s annual emissions estimates show a clear downward trend in particulate matter emissions from domestic combustion:

• PM2.5 emissions dropped by 7.38% in 2024

• PM10 emissions dropped by 7.41% in 2024

  
  

These reductions represent the largest annual decrease in domestic combustion emissions recorded in the past five years. The data also shows a steady decline in the sector’s share of total UK emissions since 2020:

| Pollutant | Domestic Combustion Contribution in 2020 | Contribution in 2024 | Reduction |

|-----------|-----------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------|

| PM2.5 | 28% | 20% | 8% |

| PM10 | 17% | 11% | 6% |

This means domestic combustion now accounts for just one-fifth of PM2.5 emissions and slightly over one-tenth of PM10 emissions nationwide.

Why Domestic Combustion Matters

Domestic combustion refers mainly to burning solid fuels like wood and coal in household stoves and fireplaces. While popular for heating and ambiance, these sources release fine particles harmful to human health and the environment. PM2.5 particles are especially dangerous because they penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.

Reducing emissions from this sector is crucial because:

• It directly affects indoor and outdoor air quality.

• It contributes significantly to wintertime pollution peaks.

• It impacts vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions.

  
  

The recent data shows that efforts to clean up domestic combustion are working, which benefits public health and helps the UK meet its air quality targets.

What Has Driven the Improvements

Several factors have combined to produce these encouraging results:

1. Advances in Stove Technology

Modern stoves are designed to burn fuel more efficiently and cleanly. Features like improved air flow control, secondary combustion chambers, and catalytic converters reduce smoke and particulate emissions. Many new stoves meet strict Ecodesign standards, which set limits on emissions and efficiency.

2. Better Fuel Quality

Using dry, seasoned wood and low-sulfur coal reduces smoke and harmful particles. Campaigns to educate stove owners about fuel choice have encouraged the switch to cleaner options. Some local authorities have introduced bans on wet wood and smoky fuels in certain areas.

3. Regulatory Measures

Government policies have supported cleaner domestic combustion through:

• Grants and incentives for replacing old stoves with cleaner models.

• Smoke control areas where only approved fuels and appliances are allowed.

• Public awareness campaigns about the health risks of poor combustion.

  
  

4. Changing Behaviour Among Stove Owners

More people are learning how to operate their stoves correctly, such as maintaining proper air supply and avoiding overloading. This reduces incomplete combustion, which is the main cause of smoke and particulate emissions.

Barry Cope, CEO of HETAS, summed it up: “These latest figures show what’s possible when industry, government, and stove owners work together. The continued fall in emissions is a testament to the sector’s commitment to cleaner air, and we’re proud to see modern appliances and better fuel making a real difference.”

The Role of Wood Burning in Emissions Trends

Despite the continued popularity of wood burning for heating and leisure, emissions have fallen. This suggests that cleaner stoves and fuels are offsetting the increased use. Wood remains a renewable energy source when sourced sustainably, but its impact depends on how it is burned.

Proper stove maintenance and fuel choice are key to minimizing emissions. For example:

• Burning wood with moisture content below 20% reduces smoke.

• Avoiding burning treated or painted wood prevents toxic emissions.

• Regular chimney cleaning prevents blockages that cause poor combustion.

  
  

What This Means for the Future

The progress in 2024 shows that sustained efforts can deliver real improvements in air quality. To build on this momentum, the UK can:

• Continue promoting cleaner stove technologies and fuels.

• Expand smoke control areas and enforce regulations.

• Increase public education on stove operation and maintenance.

• Support research into new solutions for domestic heating emissions.

  
  

Cleaner domestic combustion will contribute to healthier communities and help the UK meet its climate and air quality goals.

Practical Tips for Stove Owners

If you use a wood or solid fuel stove, here are some simple steps to reduce your emissions:

• Use only dry, seasoned wood or approved fuels.

• Avoid burning household waste or treated wood.

• Follow manufacturer instructions for stove operation.

• Keep your stove and chimney clean and well-maintained.

• Consider upgrading to a modern Ecodesign-compliant stove.

• Check if you live in a smoke control area and follow local rules.

  
  

By taking these actions, you can help reduce pollution and improve air quality in your home and neighbourhood.